Have you ever stood in your bathroom or kitchen and wondered how the tile flooring underneath your feet came to be? The tile we have in our homes today is possible thanks to thousands of years of innovation, creativity, and collaboration. Let’s take a look at the history of tile flooring, from its ancient beginnings to the 21st century.
There are many types of tile out there, but in this blog post, we’ll be focusing on ceramic tile, which is created by firing thin slabs made from a mixture of clay, water, and other inorganic materials, then typically coated with some type of glaze.
Ancient History: The Origins of Tile Flooring
As an art form, ceramics are rooted in ancient Chinese pottery, which has been around since at least 20,000 B.C. This art form eventually spread to other civilizations through Persian traders.
For thousands of years, ancient peoples used glazed brick and ceramics to strengthen walls and create reliefs, mosaics, and murals. From Mesopotamia to Rome to Persia to India to Greece, we have unearthed countless artifacts around the world that show us how these civilizations helped develop the precursors to the tile flooring we know today.
Mesopotamian craftsmen were especially influential in shaping the art of ceramics. Since stone was scarce in Mesopotamia, sun-dried bricks and adobe were commonly used as building materials. Kiln-fired bricks were used as a protective layer on the outside of their most important structures, including temples, gates, and city walls. These Mesopotamian artisans traveled to Persia to help create palaces such as Persepolis.
The Ancient Greeks may have been the first to use ceramic tiles as flooring. They created elaborate mosaic floors depicting patterns, designs, portraits, and images of gods. Many of these works of art are still around today, standing as a testament to the durability of tile as a building material.
The Middle Ages and Renaissance
As the Romans occupied territories throughout Western Europe, they introduced tile-making to a wide swath of people. However, this art form was eventually forgotten in Europe until the 12th century when Cistercian monks developed a way to make encaustic floor tiles for cathedral and church floors.
Following the Reformation in the 16th century and the beginning of the Renaissance era, this craft was lost again, and tile wouldn’t be made again in Europe until the middle of the 18th century, with the exception of Holland’s famous blue-and-white Delftware tiles.
While Europeans weren’t known for tile-making during this time period, the use of ceramic tile for mosaics was popular throughout the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East. Many mosques built in the Middle Ages feature incredibly intricate tile designs on nearly every surface, creating dazzling displays.
Islamic craftsmen developed the moraq technique, in which single-color tiles were cut into small pieces and then assembled by pouring liquid plaster between them. After the panels hardened, they were assembled on interior and exterior building surfaces.
Victorian Revival
Thanks to manufacturing advancements, the Victorian period saw a revival in tile-making, especially as part of the neo-Gothic and Arts and Crafts movements. Tile flooring has remained standard for kitchens, bathrooms, and some public spaces ever since.
Englishman Herbert Minton is credited with reviving the lost craft of encaustic tile-making in 1843. The tile flooring industry was further revolutionized by the development of the “dust-pressing” method. Instead of making tiles by hand using wet clay, craftsmen could now compress nearly dry clay between two metal dies. This allowed floor tiles to be produced quicker and cheaper than ever.
Thanks to its exhibits of European decorative floor tiles, the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition was a major factor in popularizing ceramic tile flooring in the United States. Wealthy Americans imported decorative tiles from England, and soon, the U.S. tile industry was booming.
The 20th Century
Most ceramic floor tiles manufactured in the U.S. were encaustic, but over time, various factories developed and produced other products, including mosaic tiles, vitreous wall tiles, rubber interlocking floor tiles, and tiles with variegated and colored glazes. Ceramic mosaic tiles were pre-mounted on sheets of paper, making the installation process much quicker and easier.
Post World War II, further technological advancements allowed dust-pressed tiles to be created in just two hours, start to finish — a fraction of the 70-plus hours previously required. Still, the demand for decorative tiles had diminished significantly by the 1930s, and floor tiles were generally seen as merely utilitarian.
Tile Flooring Today
Today’s tile flooring is the result of thousands of years of creativity and innovation. We have unprecedented access to tile flooring of all types, with endless design possibilities at our fingertips. With the recent decline of minimalist aesthetics, decorative tile has seen a resurgence in popularity. Who knows what the future holds? All we can be certain of is that tile flooring isn’t going anywhere anytime soon.
Trust the Tile Flooring Experts
Rosewood Painting & Remodeling is Northern Utah’s flooring experts. Whether you prefer tile, hardwood, luxury vinyl, laminate, or carpet, we offer a wide selection of options for any home. Contact us today to get started!
